Schema

Schema is used to define the names, data types, and other information for the columns of a Pinot table.
The Pinot schema is composed of:
Field
Description
schemaName
Defines the name of the schema. This is usually the same as the table name. The offline and the real-time table of a hybrid table should use the same schema.
dimensionFieldSpec
A dimensionFieldSpec is defined for each dimension column. For more details, scroll down to DimensionFieldSpec.
metricFieldSpec
A metricFieldSpec is defined for each metric column. For more details, scroll down to MetricFieldSpec.
dateTimeFieldSpec
A dateTimeFieldSpec is defined for the time columns. There can be multiple time columns. For more details, scroll down to DateTimeFieldSpec.
flights-schema.json
{
  "schemaName": "flights",
  "dimensionFieldSpecs": [
    {
      "name": "flightNumber",
      "dataType": "LONG"
    },
    {
      "name": "tags",
      "dataType": "STRING",
      "singleValueField": false,
      "defaultNullValue": "null"
    }
  ],
  "metricFieldSpecs": [
    {
      "name": "price",
      "dataType": "DOUBLE",
      "defaultNullValue": 0
    }
  ],
  "dateTimeFieldSpecs": [
    {
      "name": "millisSinceEpoch",
      "dataType": "LONG",
      "format": "EPOCH",
      "granularity": "15:MINUTES"
    },
    {
      "name": "hoursSinceEpoch",
      "dataType": "INT",
      "format": "EPOCH|HOURS",
      "granularity": "1:HOURS"
    },
    {
      "name": "dateString",
      "dataType": "STRING",
      "format": "SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT|yyyy-MM-dd",
      "granularity": "1:DAYS"
    }
  ]
}
The above json configuration is the example of Pinot schema derived from the flight data. As seen in the example, the schema is composed of 4 parts: schemaName, dimensionFieldSpec, metricFieldSpec, and dateTimeFieldSpec. Below is a detailed description of each type of field spec.
DimensionFieldSpec
A dimensionFieldSpec is defined for each dimension column. Here's a list of the fields in the dimensionFieldSpec:
Property
Description
name
Name of the dimension column.
dataType
Data type of the dimension column. Can be INT, LONG, FLOAT, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN, TIMESTAMP, STRING, BYTES,JSON.
defaultNullValue
Represents null values in the data, since Pinot doesn't support storing null column values natively (as part of its on-disk storage format). If not specified, an internal default null value is used as listed here.
singleValueField
Boolean indicating if this is a single-valued or a multi-valued column. Multi-valued column is modeled as a list, where the order of the values are preserved and duplicate values are allowed. Individual rows don’t necessarily have the same number of values. Typical use case for this would be a column such as skillSet for a person (one row in the table) that can have multiple values such as Real Estate, Mortgages. The default null value for a multi-valued column is a single defaultNullValue, e.g. [Integer.MIN_VALUE].
Internal default null values for dimension
Data Type
Internal Default Null Value
INT
​Integer.MIN_VALUE​
LONG
​Long.MIN_VALUE​
FLOAT
​Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY​
DOUBLE
​Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY​
BOOLEAN
0 (false)
TIMESTAMP
0 (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC)
STRING
"null"
BYTES
byte array of length 0
JSON
"null"
MetricFieldSpec
A metricFieldSpec is defined for each metric column. Here's a list of fields in the metricFieldSpec
Property
Description
name
Name of the metric column
dataType
Data type of the column. Can be INT, LONG, FLOAT, DOUBLE, BIG_DECIMAL, BYTES (for specialized representations such as HLL, TDigest, etc, where the column stores byte serialized version of the value)
defaultNullValue
Represents null values in the data. If not specified, an internal default null value is used, as listed here.
Internal default null values for metric
Data Type
Internal Default Null Value
INT
0
LONG
0
FLOAT
0.0
DOUBLE
0.0
BIG_DECIMAL
0.0
BYTES
byte array of length 0
DateTimeFieldSpec
A dateTimeFieldSpec is used to define time columns of the table. The following fields can be configured in the date time field spec -
Property
Description
name
Name of the date time column
dataType
Data type of the date time column. Can be STRING, INT, LONG or TIMESTAMP
format
The format in which the datetime is present in the column. Refer to Date time formats for supported formats.
granularity
The granularity in which the column is bucketed. The syntax of granularity is
bucket size:bucket unit
For example, the format can be milliseconds 1:MILLISECONDS:EPOCH, but bucketed to 15 minutes i.e. we only have one value for every 15 minute interval, in which case granularity can be specified as 15:MINUTES. Currently it is just for documentation purpose, and Pinot won't automatically round the time value to the specified granularity.
defaultNullValue
Represents null values in the data. If not specified, an internal default null value is used. If date time is in String format, the default value will be null or if timestamp then it is epoch 0 (i.e. 1970-01-01 00:00:00).
For the main time column of the table (time column specified in the segmentsConfig
in the table config), the main time column value must be in the range of 1971-01-01 UTC to 2071-01-01 UTC for segment management purpose (e.g. retention, time boundary). If the specified default null value is not within this range, segment creation time is used.
New DateTime Formats
In the pinot master (0.12.0-SNAPSHOT), We have simplified date time formats for the users. The formats now follow the pattern - timeFormat|pattern/timeUnit|[timeZone/timeSize] . The fields present in [] are completely optional. timeFormat can be one of EPOCH , SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT or TIMESTAMP .
TIMESTAMP - This represents timestamp in milliseconds. It is equivalent to specifying EPOCH|MILLISECONDS|1
Examples -
TIMESTAMP
EPOCH - This represents time in timeUnit since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970, where timeUnit is one of TimeUnit enum values, e.g. HOURS , MINUTES etc. You can also specify the timeSize parameter. This size is multiplied to the value present in the time column to get an actual timestamp. e.g. if timesize is 5 and value in time column is 4996308 minutes. The value that will be converted to epoch timestamp will be 4996308 * 5 * 60 * 1000 = 1498892400000 milliseconds. In simplest terms, EPOCH|SECONDS|5 denotes the count of intervals of length 5 seconds from epoch 0 to now.

Examples -
EPOCH - Defaults to MILLISECONDS (only in master branch)
EPOCH|SECONDS
EPOCH|SECONDS|5
SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT - This represents time in the string format. The pattern should be specified using the Joda's DateTimeFormat representation. In the master branch build, if no pattern is specified, we use ISO 8601 DateTimeFormat to parse the date times. Optionals are supported with ISO format so users can specify date time string in yyyy or yyyy-MM or yyyy-MM-dd and so on

You can also specify optional timeZone parameter which is the ID for a TimeZone, either an abbreviation such as PST, a full name such as America/Los_Angeles, or a custom ID such as GMT-8:00.
Examples -
SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT (only in master branch)
SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT|yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss
SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT|yyyy-MM-dd|IST
Only datetime timeformats in lexicographical order are support in Pinot. so yyyy-MM-dd ,MM-dd and yyyy-dd are valid while MM-dd-yyyy is not.
The order is decided as year > month > day > hour > minutes > second.
Old date time formats
These date-time formats are still supported in Pinot for backward compatibility. However, new users should prefer to use the formats mentioned in the previous sections.
You will need to provide the format of the date along with the data type in the schema. The format is described using the following syntax: timeSize:timeUnit:timeFormat:pattern .
time size - the size of the time unit. This size is multiplied to the value present in the time column to get an actual timestamp. e.g. if timesize is 5 and value in time column is 4996308 minutes. The value that will be converted to epoch timestamp will be 4996308 * 5 * 60 * 1000 = 1498892400000 milliseconds.
If your date is not in EPOCH format, this value is not used and can be set to 1 or any other integer.
time unit - one of TimeUnit enum values. e.g. HOURS , MINUTES etc. If your date is not in EPOCH format, this value is not used and can be set to MILLISECONDS or any other unit.
timeFormat - can be either EPOCH or SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT. If it is SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT, the pattern string is also specified.
pattern - This is optional and is only specified when the date is in SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT . The pattern should be specified using Joda's DateTimeFormat representation. e.g. 2020-08-21 can be represented as yyyy-MM-dd.
Here are some sample date-time formats you can use in the schema:
1:MILLISECONDS:EPOCH - used when timestamp is in the epoch milliseconds and stored in LONG format
1:HOURS:EPOCH - used when timestamp is in the epoch hours and stored in LONG or INT format
1:DAYS:SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT:yyyy-MM-dd - when the date is in STRING format and has the pattern year-month-date. e.g. 2020-08-21
1:HOURS:SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT:EEE MMM dd HH:mm:ss ZZZ yyyy - when date is in STRING format. e.g. Mon Aug 24 12:36:50 America/Los_Angeles 2019
Built-in virtual columns
There are several built-in virtual columns inside the schema the can be used for debugging purposes:
Column Name
Column Type
Data Type
Description
$hostName
Dimension
STRING
Name of the server hosting the data
$segmentName
Dimension
STRING
Name of the segment containing the record
$docId
Dimension
INT
Document id of the record within the segment
These virtual columns can be used in queries in a similar way to regular columns.
Advanced fields
Apart from these, there's some advanced fields. These are common to all field specs.
Property
Description
maxLength
Max length of this column
virtualColumnProvider
Column value provider

Field	Description
schemaName	Defines the name of the schema. This is usually the same as the table name. The offline and the real-time table of a hybrid table should use the same schema.
dimensionFieldSpec	A dimensionFieldSpec is defined for each dimension column. For more details, scroll down to DimensionFieldSpec.
metricFieldSpec	A metricFieldSpec is defined for each metric column. For more details, scroll down to MetricFieldSpec.
dateTimeFieldSpec	A dateTimeFieldSpec is defined for the time columns. There can be multiple time columns. For more details, scroll down to DateTimeFieldSpec.

Property	Description
name	Name of the dimension column.
dataType	Data type of the dimension column. Can be INT, LONG, FLOAT, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN, TIMESTAMP, STRING, BYTES,JSON.
defaultNullValue	Represents null values in the data, since Pinot doesn't support storing null column values natively (as part of its on-disk storage format). If not specified, an internal default null value is used as listed here.
singleValueField	Boolean indicating if this is a single-valued or a multi-valued column. Multi-valued column is modeled as a list, where the order of the values are preserved and duplicate values are allowed. Individual rows don’t necessarily have the same number of values. Typical use case for this would be a column such as `skillSet` for a person (one row in the table) that can have multiple values such as `Real Estate, Mortgages`. The default null value for a multi-valued column is a single `defaultNullValue`, e.g. `[Integer.MIN_VALUE]`.

Data Type	Internal Default Null Value
INT	Integer.MIN_VALUE
LONG	Long.MIN_VALUE
FLOAT	Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
DOUBLE	Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
BOOLEAN	0 (`false`)
TIMESTAMP	0 (`1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC`)
STRING	"null"
BYTES	byte array of length 0
JSON	"null"

Property	Description
name	Name of the metric column
dataType	Data type of the column. Can be INT, LONG, FLOAT, DOUBLE, BIG_DECIMAL, BYTES (for specialized representations such as HLL, TDigest, etc, where the column stores byte serialized version of the value)
defaultNullValue	Represents null values in the data. If not specified, an internal default null value is used, as listed here.

Data Type	Internal Default Null Value
INT	0
LONG	0
FLOAT	0.0
DOUBLE	0.0
BIG_DECIMAL	0.0
BYTES	byte array of length 0

Property	Description
name	Name of the date time column
dataType	Data type of the date time column. Can be STRING, INT, LONG or TIMESTAMP
format	The format in which the datetime is present in the column. Refer to Date time formats for supported formats.
granularity	The granularity in which the column is bucketed. The syntax of granularity is `bucket size:bucket unit` For example, the format can be milliseconds `1:MILLISECONDS:EPOCH`, but bucketed to 15 minutes i.e. we only have one value for every 15 minute interval, in which case granularity can be specified as `15:MINUTES`. Currently it is just for documentation purpose, and Pinot won't automatically round the time value to the specified granularity.
defaultNullValue	Represents null values in the data. If not specified, an internal default null value is used. If date time is in String format, the default value will be `null` or if timestamp then it is epoch 0 (i.e. `1970-01-01 00:00:00`). For the main time column of the table (time column specified in the `segmentsConfig` in the table config), the main time column value must be in the range of `1971-01-01 UTC` to `2071-01-01 UTC` for segment management purpose (e.g. retention, time boundary). If the specified default null value is not within this range, segment creation time is used.

Column Name	Column Type	Data Type	Description
$hostName	Dimension	STRING	Name of the server hosting the data
$segmentName	Dimension	STRING	Name of the segment containing the record
$docId	Dimension	INT	Document id of the record within the segment

Property	Description
maxLength	Max length of this column
virtualColumnProvider	Column value provider

Last modified 20d ago