# Transformation Functions ## Math Functions | Function | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |

ADD(col1, col2, col3...)
Sum of at least two values

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SUB(col1, col2)
Difference between two values

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MULT(col1, col2, col3...)
Product of at least two values

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DIV(col1, col2)
Quotient of two values

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MOD(col1, col2)
Modulo of two values

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ABS(col1)
Absolute of a value

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CEIL(col1)
Rounded up to the nearest integer.

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FLOOR(col1)
Rounded down to the nearest integer.

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EXP(col1)
Euler’s number(e) raised to the power of col.

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LN(col1)
Natural log of value i.e. ln(col1)

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SQRT(col1)
Square root of a value

| ## String Functions Multiple string functions are supported out of the box from release-0.5.0 . | Function | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |

UPPER(col)
convert string to upper case

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LOWER(col)
convert string to lower case

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REVERSE(col)
reverse the string

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SUBSTR(col, startIndex, endIndex)
Gets substring of the input string from start to endIndex. Index begins at 0. Set endIndex to -1 to calculate till end of the string

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CONCAT(col1, col2, seperator)
Concatenate two input strings using the seperator

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TRIM(col)
trim spaces from both side of the string

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LTRIM(col)
trim spaces from left side of the string

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RTRIM(col)
trim spaces from right side of the string

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LENGTH(col)
calculate length of the string

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STRPOS(col, find, N)
Find Nth instance of find string in input. Returns 0 if input string is empty. Returns -1 if the Nth instance is not found or input string is null.

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STARTSWITH(col, prefix)
returns true if columns starts with prefix string.

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REPLACE(col, find, substitute)
replace all instances of find with replace in input

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RPAD(col, size, pad)
string padded from the right side with pad to reach final size

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LPAD(col, size, pad)
string padded from the left side with pad to reach final size

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CODEPOINT(col)
the Unicode codepoint of the first character of the string

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CHR(codepoint)
the character corresponding to the Unicode codepoint

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regexpExtract(value, regexp)
Extracts values that match the provided regular expression

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regexpReplace(input, matchRegexp, replaceRegexp, matchStartPos, occurrence, flag)
Find and replace a string or regexp pattern with a target string or regexp pattern

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remove(input, search)
removes all instances of search from string

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urlEncoding(string)
url-encode a string with UTF-8 format

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urlDecoding(string)
decode a url to plaintext string

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fromBase64(string)
decode a Base64-encoded string to bytes represented as a hex string

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toUtf8(string)
decode a UTF8-encoded string to bytes represented as a hex string

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isSubnetOf(ipPrefix, ipAddress)
checks if ipAddress is in the subnet of the ipPrefix

| ## DateTime Functions Date time functions allow you to perform transformations on columns that contain timestamps or dates. | Function | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |

TIMECONVERT(col, fromUnit, toUnit)
Converts the value into another time unit. the column should be an epoch timestamp.

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DATETIMECONVERT(columnName, inputFormat, outputFormat, outputGranularity)
Converts the value into another date time format, and buckets time based on the given time granularity.

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DATETRUNC
Converts the value into a specified output granularity seconds since UTC epoch that is bucketed on a unit in a specified timezone.

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ToEpoch\(timeInMillis)
Convert epoch milliseconds to epoch \.

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ToEpoch\Rounded(timeInMillis, bucketSize)
Convert epoch milliseconds to epoch \, round to nearest rounding bucket(Bucket size is defined in \).

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ToEpoch\Bucket(timeInMillis, bucketSize)
Convert epoch milliseconds to epoch \, and divided by bucket size(Bucket size is defined in \).

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FromEpoch\
Convert epoch \ to epoch milliseconds.(timeIn\)

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FromEpoch\Bucket(timeIn\, bucketSizeIn\)
Convert epoch \\ to epoch milliseconds.

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ToDateTime(timeInMillis, pattern\[, timezoneId])
Convert epoch millis value to DateTime string represented by pattern.

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FromDateTime(dateTimeString, pattern)
Convert DateTime string represented by pattern to epoch millis.

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round(timeValue, bucketSize)
Round the given time value to nearest bucket start value.

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now()
Return current time as epoch millis

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ago()
Return time as epoch millis before the given period (in ISO-8601 duration format)

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timezoneHour(timeZoneId)
Returns the hour of the time zone offset.

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timezoneMinute(timeZoneId)
Returns the minute of the time zone offset.

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year(tsInMillis)
Returns the year from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone.

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year(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the year from the given epoch millis and timezone id.

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yearOfWeek(tsInMillis)
Returns the year of the ISO week from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. Alias yowis also supported.

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yearOfWeek(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the year of the ISO week from the given epoch millis and timezone id. Alias yowis also supported.

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quarter(tsInMillis)
Returns the quarter of the year from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. The value ranges from 1 to 4.

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quarter(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the quarter of the year from the given epoch millis and timezone id. The value ranges from 1 to 4.

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month(tsInMillis)
Returns the month of the year from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. The value ranges from 1 to 12.

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month(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the month of the year from the given epoch millis and timezone id. The value ranges from 1 to 12.

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week(tsInMillis)
Returns the ISO week of the year from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. The value ranges from 1 to 53. Alias weekOfYear is also supported.

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week(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the ISO week of the year from the given epoch millis and timezone id. The value ranges from 1 to 53. Alias weekOfYear is also supported.

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dayOfYear(tsInMillis)
Returns the day of the year from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. The value ranges from 1 to 366. Alias doy is also supported.

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dayOfYear(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the day of the year from the given epoch millis and timezone id. The value ranges from 1 to 366. Alias doy is also supported.

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day(tsInMillis)
Returns the day of the month from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. The value ranges from 1 to 31. Alias dayOfMonth is also supported.

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day(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the day of the month from the given epoch millis and timezone id. The value ranges from 1 to 31. Alias dayOfMonth is also supported.

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dayOfWeek(tsInMillis)
Returns the day of the week from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. The value ranges from 1(Monday) to 7(Sunday). Alias dow is also supported.

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dayOfWeek(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the day of the week from the given epoch millis and timezone id. The value ranges from 1(Monday) to 7(Sunday). Alias dow is also supported.

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hour(tsInMillis)
Returns the hour of the day from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. The value ranges from 0 to 23.

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hour(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the hour of the day from the given epoch millis and timezone id. The value ranges from 0 to 23.

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minute(tsInMillis)
Returns the minute of the hour from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. The value ranges from 0 to 59.

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minute(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the minute of the hour from the given epoch millis and timezone id. The value ranges from 0 to 59.

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second(tsInMillis)
Returns the second of the minute from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. The value ranges from 0 to 59.

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second(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the second of the minute from the given epoch millis and timezone id. The value ranges from 0 to 59.

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millisecond(tsInMillis)
Returns the millisecond of the second from the given epoch millis in UTC timezone. The value ranges from 0 to 999.

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millisecond(tsInMillis, timeZoneId)
Returns the millisecond of the second from the given epoch millis and timezone id. The value ranges from 0 to 999.

| ## JSON Functions ### **Transform Functions** These functions can only be used in Pinot SQL queries. | Function | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |

JSONEXTRACTSCALAR(jsonField, 'jsonPath', 'resultsType', \[defaultValue])
Evaluates the 'jsonPath' on jsonField, returns the result as the type 'resultsType', use optional defaultValuefor null or parsing error.

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JSONEXTRACTKEY(jsonField, 'jsonPath')
Extracts all matched JSON field keys based on 'jsonPath' into a STRING\_ARRAY.

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EXTRACT(dateTimeField FROM dateTimeExpression)
Extracts the field from the DATETIME expression of the format 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS'. Currently, this transformation function supports YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND fields.

| ### **Scalar Functions** These functions can be used for column transformation in table ingestion configs. | Function | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |

TOJSONMAPSTR(map)
Convert map to JSON String

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JSONFORMAT(object)
Convert object to JSON String

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JSONPATH(jsonField, 'jsonPath')
Extracts the object value from jsonField based on 'jsonPath', the result type is inferred based on JSON value. Cannot be used in query because data type is not specified.

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JSONPATHLONG(jsonField, 'jsonPath', \[defaultValue])
Extracts the Long value from jsonField based on 'jsonPath', use optional defaultValuefor null or parsing error.

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JSONPATHDOUBLE(jsonField, 'jsonPath', \[defaultValue])
Extracts the Double value from jsonField based on 'jsonPath', use optional defaultValuefor null or parsing error.

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JSONPATHSTRING(jsonField, 'jsonPath', \[defaultValue])
Extracts the String value from jsonField based on 'jsonPath', use optional defaultValuefor null or parsing error.

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JSONPATHARRAY(jsonField, 'jsonPath')
Extracts an array from jsonField based on 'jsonPath', the result type is inferred based on JSON value. Cannot be used in query because data type is not specified.

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JSONPATHARRAYDEFAULTEMPTY(jsonField, 'jsonPath')
Extracts an array from jsonField based on 'jsonPath', the result type is inferred based on JSON value. Returns empty array for null or parsing error. Cannot be used in query because data type is not specified.

| ## Binary Functions | Function | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |

SHA(bytesCol)
Return SHA-1 digest of binary column(bytes type) as hex string

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SHA256(bytesCol)
Return SHA-256 digest of binary column(bytes type) as hex string

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SHA512(bytesCol)
Return SHA-512 digest of binary column(bytes type) as hex string

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MD5(bytesCol)
Return MD5 digest of binary column(bytes type) as hex string

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toBase64(bytesCol)
Return the Base64-encoded string of binary column(bytes type)

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fromUtf8(bytesCol)
Return the UTF8-encoded string of binary column(bytes type)

| ## Multi-value Column Functions All of the functions mentioned till now only support single value columns. You can use the following functions to do operations on multi-value columns. | Function | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |

ARRAYLENGTH
Returns the length of a multi-value

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MAP\_VALUE
Select the value for a key from Map stored in Pinot.
MAP\_VALUE(mapColumn, 'myKey', valueColumn)

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VALUEIN
The transform function will filter the value from the multi-valued column with the given constant values. The VALUEIN transform function is especially useful when the same multi-valued column is both filtering column and grouping column.

| ## Advanced Queries ### Geospatial Queries Pinot supports Geospatial queries on columns containing text-based geographies. For more details on the queries and how to enable them, see [Geospatial](https://docs.pinot.apache.org/release-1.2.0/basics/indexing/geospatial-support). ### Text Queries Pinot supports pattern matching on text-based columns. Only the columns mentioned as text columns in table config can be queried using this method. For more details on how to enable pattern matching, see [Text search support](https://docs.pinot.apache.org/release-1.2.0/basics/indexing/text-search-support).